With the latest surge, the S&P 500 has experienced 17 Momentum Thrusts since 1980. Excluding the signal from earlier this week, eight of these have been accompanied by Breadth Thrusts and eight have not. The difference in the market’s reaction to such moves could hardly be more stark. When accompanied by breadth thrusts, momentum thrusts see strength persist. In these cases, the S&P 500 has never been lower 1, 3, 6 or 12 months later. On average the S&P 500 has been 15% higher 6 months after these momentum thrusts and 25% higher 12 months after the thrust signal. Without a breadth thrust, surging momentum can be climactic and the S&P 500 can struggle to make any headway. The average return 12 months after such signals is less than half the average of all periods since 1980. We don’t hang our hat on any one indicator or single signal. But the combination of breadth and momentum thrusts experienced over the past few weeks suggests investors should be looking for stocks to go higher, not lower, from here.
While many started to pay attention to the potential for equity market weakness well after the S&P 500 peaked back in January, a look beneath the surface showed that trouble had been brewing for a while. The percentage of stocks in the S&P indexes that were 20% or more below their highs stopped retreating in March of 2021 and started to rise over the second half of 2021. That intensified over the first half of 2022 and crescendoed to a peak in mid-June (at which point between 75% and 85% of stocks were in drawdowns of 20% or more). The pattern of higher highs and higher lows in this measure of stock market weakness is now being challenged. Already fewer stocks in the mid-cap S&P 400 are in 20% drawdowns than was the case in early June. Small-caps and large-caps aren’t far behind. Before sustained strength, we usually experience waning weakness. And that is what we are seeing right now.
Stocks have rallied off of their mid-June lows, but it goes without saying that 2022 has still been a year marked by volatility and an absence of strength. In fact it has been historic (or nearly so) on both accounts. In terms of volatility, only two years (2008 and 2002) finished with a higher percentage of days on which the S&P 500 closed up or down by 1% or more than we have seen so far in 2022 (just shy of 50%). No year has come close to as low a percentage of days with more new highs than new lows. So far we have had seven in 2022: two in January, three in March and one each in April and May. That is just 5% of the trading days so far this year. The next closest year was 2008, which had new highs > new lows on just 13% of the days. At the opposite extreme is 2017, regarded by many as one of the best years in stock market history. That year, 90% of the days saw more stocks making new highs than new lows, only 3% of the days had the S&P 500 moving by more than 1%, and the S&P 500 booked a nearly 20% gain.
The S&P 500 index is 20% off its early 2022 high, but remains nearly 14% above its pre-COVID peak. The median stock in the index, however, is now trading just below its pre-COVID high. The last several years have been an experience of tremendous volatility with no upside progress for the median stock. The numbers are even more startling among mid-caps and small-caps. Both the mid-cap S&P 400 and small-cap S&P 600 are nearly 10% above their pre-COVID peaks, but the median mid-cap stock is 10% below its pre-COVID high and the median small-cap stock is 20% below its pre-COVID high. This brings us to commodities. The median commodity is 30% below its high, but remains 20% above its pre-COVID peak. Whether it’s stocks or commodities (or bonds for that matter) there is plenty of volatility in the current environment. The volatility in commodities is in the context of an underlying up-trend. With the median stock in the S&P 500 returning to its pre-COVID high (and the Value Line Geometric Index where it was in 2018), it’s been an unrewarding roller coaster ride for stocks.
The June employment report shows a labor market that remains on relatively firm footing. Nonfarm payrolls were up more than expected in the month, though this was partially offset by downward revisions to gains from previous months. Total employment rose at 3% annual rate in the second quarter, though adjusting for a downtick in average weekly hours, the aggregate hours worked index was up only 2% in the quarter. While continued growth in employment is good for workers, it is coming as output (as measured by GDP) is at best stalled and is more likely contracting. This is likely to put further upward pressure on unit labor costs and downward pressure on productivity. That translates to lower profit margins, which peaked in Q3 2021 and have fallen in each of the last two quarters. Slowing top line growth and contracting margins leave plenty of room for earnings estimates to be revised lower. That’s a fundamental headwind for stocks moving forward.
June asset allocation data from the AAII suggests that investors are beginning to act on their emotions. It’s not uncommon for sentiment to lead and positioning to lag, but the gap between the two had gotten historically wide. That is beginning to change as investors shift from equities to cash. The AAII asset allocation survey shows equity exposure dropping from 67% in May to 65% in June, while cash exposure rose from 19% to 21%. History suggests this could be the beginning of a larger unwind. When sentiment got to similar extremes in 1990, 2003 and 2008, stock exposure approached 40% from above and cash exposure approached 40% from below. By the March 2009 Financial Crisis low, cash exposure was above equity exposure. Even during the brief (though intense) COVID crash, equity exposure dipped to 55% and cash exposure jumped to 26%. If past periods are a guide, investors may only be in the early stages of adjusting equity market exposure.
This is a good time to think about what could happen after the midterms because the run-up to this fall’s elections could be almost unbearable. The Fed, the Supreme Court and lingering fights over the 2020 election will provide candidates of all stripes with plenty of political fodder. The public mood is already dour and an onslaught of negative ads is not likely to help. History and conventional wisdom suggest stocks could struggle for traction over the summer, find a low prior to the election and then rally as the outcome becomes evident. The S&P 500 has been higher 12 months after every single mid-term election since at least 1950. The problem with that information is that it is being widely discussed. The data is what it is and the past is all we have to go on. Nonetheless, the words of Bernard Baruch seem relevant right now: “Something that everyone knows isn’t worth anything.”
Not sure where I first heard it, but I’ve always loved this saying: “Bull markets take you to levels you never thought you would see. Bear markets take you to levels you never thought you would see again.” Since the S&P 500 is now down more than 20% from its January peak, we are able to discuss bear market tendencies without getting the “yeah buts” from polite society. The S&P 500 is at levels not seen since late-2020, while the small-cap Russell 2000 is below its pre-COVID high back to where it was in early-2018. The Value Line Geometric index is also below its pre-COVID high and is at a level it first reached in early 2015. That is seven years of no progress for an index that serves as a proxy for the median stock.
The March 2021 CPI data (released in April of last year) showed the largest monthly increase in the prices in over a decade. The 2.7% yearly change in the CPI at that point was dismissed as being due to base effects written off as transitory. Some were even talking about how an uptick in inflation would be welcome. It has proven to be neither unduly influenced by base effects nor transitory. As inflation has continued to move higher and the Fed has belatedly attempted to bring it under control, neither stocks or bonds have responded favorably. The S&P 500 is down 3% since April 2021 and the aggregate bond index is down 8.5%. Commodities, however, have flourished, rising more than 77% in that time period.
The details of today’s inflation report suggest price pressures remain prevalent. The Fed will likely have to intensify its inflation-fighting efforts. Whether from the Fed, the current Administration or the private sector, folks who were dismissive of inflation in Spring 2021 should have their current perspectives taken with a grain of salt.
That this is an unfamiliar and uncomfortable environment for many investors goes without saying. It was unforeseen to the extent that it is at odds with recent experience. For passive investors, the past decade (even through COVID) was one of only mild (in terms of degree and duration) interruptions to the underlying upward trend in their portfolios. Through this period, some things that should not have been forgotten were lost. Among these were diversification principles across and within asset classes. Commodity exposure withered to nothing and US investors were rewarded for indulging their home country bias. With the trend in the 60/40 benchmark portfolio now in its most significant downturn since the financial crisis of 2008/09, investor nerves are frayed, the mood is sour and patience is being tested. Adding to this frustration may be the reality that if one was indeed paying attention to expiring breadth thrust regimes, collapsing new high lists and expanding new low lists, some of this year’s roller coaster ride could perhaps have been avoided.
In a year marked by broad weakness in both stocks and bonds, commodity strength has provided some portfolio ballast for those who have been willing and able to expand their asset allocation opportunity set. After several weeks of consolidation, the CRB commodity index is again making new highs. But rally participation looks to be narrowing. Only 12% of the commodities in our ASC Commodities universe have made new 52-week highs in the past two weeks. This was as high as 50% earlier this year. Perhaps not surprisingly, our equal-weight commodity index has not confirmed the strength in the CRB index (which has heavy tilting toward energy-related commodities). I think Bob Farrell’s Rule 7 applies here: “Markets are strongest when they are broad and weakest when they narrow.” Strength in the CRB index is more likely to persist if it’s not just energy fueling the advance.
